راهکارهای حل تعارض میان تعهدات ناشی از استرداد و تعهدات حقوق بشری دولت‌ها

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی

2 دانشجوی دکترای حقوق بین‌الملل دانشگاه شهید بهشتی

چکیده

استرداد مجرمان یکی از قدیمی‌ترین شیوه‌های همکاری قضایی بین‌المللی در زمینه مسائل کیفری است، اما در صورت احتمال نقض حقوق اساسی بشر، دولت‌ها مکلفند از تسلیم مجرمان به کشورهای استردادکننده خودداری کنند. هنگامی که نقض حقوق اساسی بشری فرد موضوع استرداد قریب‌الوقوع و قابل پیش‌بینی باشد، به دلایل زمینه خاصی که استرداد دارد، دولت‌ها از «روش‌های پرهیز از تسلیم» استفاده می‌کنند. اول از همه، دولت‌ها ادعا کرده‌اند که «اصل اعتماد» یا «قاعده عدم پرس‌وجو» آنها را از تحقیق در خصوص نحوه اجرای عدالت کیفری دولت استردادکننده منع می‌کند. در مرحله دوم، مقامات بر تضمینی که همتایانشان داده‌اند، تکیه می‌کنند. تضمینات اعطایی بر این مبنا استوارند که از استانداردهای پذیرفته‌شده تبعیت نموده و از حقوق فرد متهم یا محکوم حمایت می‌نمایند، از جمله اینکه او را شکنجه نکرده، یا وی را از یک محاکمه عادلانه محروم نمی‌کنند، و یا به مجازات اعدام محکوم نخواهند کرد. ثالثاً، دولت طرف استرداد ممکن است از دولت استردادکننده تضمین بخواهد مبنی بر اینکه اگر حقوق بشری فرد ذی‌ربط نقض شود، خسارات وارد به وی جبران شود، یا بتواند در یک مرجع داخلی درخواست رسیدگی نماید و یا با ارسال شکایت به یک نهاد بین‌المللی حقوق بشری درخواست تجدید نظر کند. چهارم و در نهایت، دولت‌ها ممکن است نیاز داشته باشند به اینکه فرد متهم نسبت به زمان بازداشت خود ادله و شواهدی را ارائه دهد و اثبات نماید که وی مورد بدرفتاری و یا شکنجه قرار گرفته است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Necessity of Avoidance of Human Rights Violations during the Extradition

نویسندگان [English]

  • Seyed Ghasem Zamani 1
  • Fereshteh Bagheri 2
1
2
چکیده [English]

Offender’s extradition is one of the earliest forms of judicial assistance in the context of criminal issues. However in the case of human rights violation, states are obliged to refrain from extradition to the countries that violate fundamental human rights. Whenever human rights violation is imminent, the specific context of extradition offers states a number of ‘avoidance techniques’.
First of all, states have simply alleged that ‘the principle of confidence’ or ‘the rule of non-inquiry’ impedes them from probing into the requesting state's administration of criminal justice. Secondly, states have relied on their counterparts' assurances that they will abide by accepted standards and will observe the fugitive's fundamental rights, including that he or she will not be tortured, that he or she will receive the benefits of a fair trial, and that he or she will not be exposed to capital punishment. Thirdly, states have been placated by the other state's guarantee that even if the person's human rights were to be infringed, he or she would be entitled to obtain redress, either by starting appellate proceedings in a domestic court or by submitting a complaint to an international human rights body. Fourthly and finally, states may require the fugitive to hand over abundant evidence buttressing his or her apprehensions, preferably including proof that he or she has been targeted or maltreated before.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • offender's extradition
  • Human rights
  • the rule of non-inquiry
  • Guarantee
  • Compensation
  • Evidence

مراجع

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پژوهشهای حقوق جزا و جرم شناسی
دوره 3، شماره 5
فروردین 1394
صفحه 135-156

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