Unilateral Sanctions against Iran in the context of International Criminal Law: Crime against Humanity?

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Abstract

 
Unilateral sanctions include actions taken by some states against the others. These sanctions are sometimes legitimate. However some of the sanctions could not be justified. It has widely been accepted that the obvious violation of fundamental human rights law in result of the unilateral sanctions may be considered as an international wrongful act. Although some believe that given the extensive devastating and inhuman impacts of all-out coercive international sanctions have been imposed unilaterally, can be considered as an international crime against humanity. In this article we will consider the side-effects of unilateral sanctions as crime against humanity by focusing on the unilateral Sanctions imposed by US against Iran. 

Keywords


الف. منابع فارسی
اردبیلی. محمدعلی. حقوق بین‌الملل کیفری. تهران: نشر میزان، 1383.
امامقلی پور سفیددشتی، سارا. «اثرات تحریم اقتصادی بر بخش بهداشت و درمان با تأکید بر ایران». مقاله ارائه‌شده در دومین کنفرانس بین‌المللی اقتصاد در شرایط تحریم، بابلسر، 1393.
باقری، محمود، علیرضا حجت‌زاده و محمدتقی رضائی. «اجرای اصل آزادسازی در سازمان جهانی تجارت: چالش‌ها و فرصت‌ها». ویژه‌نامه سازمان جهانی تجارت 27 (1388): 28-9.
تاموشات، کریستیان. حقوق بشر. ترجمه حسین شریفی طرازکوهی. تهران: میزان، 1386.
دلاورپور اقدم، مصطفی. واکاوی تحریم‌های آمریکا علیه ج. ا. ایران در قالب تحلیل گفتمانی. تهران: دفتر مطالعات سیاسی مرکز پژوهش‌های مجلس شورای اسلامی، 1390.
رابرتسون، جفری. جنایات علیه بشریت. ترجمه گروه پژوهشی دانشگاه علوم رضوی. خراسان رضوی: دانشگاه علوم اسلامی رضوی، 1383.
شهبازی، آرامش. حقوق بین‌الملل: دیالکتیک ارزش و واقعیت. چاپ دوم. تهران: مؤسسه مطالعات و پژوهشهای حقوقی شهر دانش، 1394.
فرانسیون، ژاک. «جنایت جنگ و جنایت علیه بشریت». ترجمه محمدعلی اردبیلی. مجله حقوقی 7 (1365): 263-211.
کیوان حسینی، اصغر. واکاوی سیاست کنترل صدور فناوری در استراتژی کلان آمریکا. تهران: مرکز آینده‌پژوهی علوم و فناوری دفاعی مؤسسه آموزشی و تحقیقاتی صنایع دفاعی، 1387.
محمدخانی، عباس. «جرایم علیه بشریت در رویه قضایی محاکم کیفری بین‌المللی سازمان ملل متحد»، فصلنامه مطالعات بین‌المللی پلیس 11 (1391): 41-20.
نف، استفن. جنگ اقتصادی در حقوق بین‌الملل. زیر نظر مصطفی زهرانی. نظریه‌های تحریم. تهران: وزارت امور خارجه، 1385.
ورله، گرهارد. «جنایت علیه بشریت در حقوق بین‌الملل معاصر». ترجمه امیرساعد وکیل. مجله حقوقی بین‌المللی 39 (1387): 100-59.
ب. منابع انگلیسی
A/HRC/19/33, Thematic study of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the impact of unilateral coercive measures on the enjoyment of human rights, including recommendations on actions aimed at ending such measures (last visited at 2/3/2016).
Accessed January 11, 2015. http://www. bis. doc. gov/policiesandregulations/ear/legal_authority. pdf. 2012-07-12.
Bassiouni, M. Cherif. “World War I: ‘The War to End All Wars’ and the Birth of a Handicapped International Criminal Justice System.” Denv. J. Int’l L. & Pol’y 30 (2002)
Bix, B. Natural Law Theory, A Companion to Philosophy of Law and Legal Theory, edited by Dennis Paterson. Black Well Pub, 2000.
Carter, Barry E. “International Economic Sanctions: Improving the Haphazard U. S. Legal Regime. ” Cal. L. Rev 75 (1987).
Davidson, Elias. “Legal Boundaries to UN Sanctions.” The International Journal of Human Rights 7 (2003)
Gardner, John. “Legal Positivism.” American Journal of Juris (2000)
Google. “Human Rights Council, A/HRC/27/L. 2.” Accessed March 04, 2016.  https://www.google.com/search?q=commission+on+human+rights%2B+unilateral+measures+states&oq=commission+on+human+rights%2B+unilateral+measures+states&aqs=chrome..69i57.25687j0j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#q=%E2%80%9Cunilateral+coercive+measures%22+commission.
Govtrack. “H. R. 2375 (111th): Iran Revolutionary Guard Corps Designation Implementation Act.” Accessed February 13, 2016. http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/111/hr2375/text.
Graven, Jean. “Les Crimes Countre l Humanite.” Recueil des Cours 76 (1950).
ICTY, Prosecutor v. Galić, TC, Judgment, 5 December 2003.
ICTY, Prosecutor v. Naletilić and Martinović, TC, Judgment, 31 March 2003.
ICTY, Prosecutor v. Simić et al., TC, Judgment, 17 October 2003.
ICTY, Prosecutor v. Vasiljević, TC, Judgment, 29 November 2002.
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE. “CASE CONCERNING THE MILITARY AND PARAMILITARY ACTIVITIES IN AND AGAINST NICARAGUA (NICARAGUA v. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA) (MERITS)” Accessed February 18, 2016. http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/?sum=367&p1=3&p2=3&case=70&p3=5,para 212-214.
Kaplan, Morton, and Nicolas Katzenbach. The Political foundation of International Law. John Wiley and Sons Inc, 1961.
Katzman, Kenneth. Iran Sanctions, Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs, Congressional Research Service, July 16.
Mayer, Kenneth R. “Executive Orders and Presidential Power.” Journal of Politics 61 (1999).
Morgenthau, Hans J. “Positivism, Functionalism and International Law.” American Journal of International Law 34 (1940).
N. Schiff, Benjamin. Building the International Criminal Court.  Cambridge University Press, 2008.
Paul, Ellen Frankel, and Fred D. Miller, and Jeffrey Paul. Natural Law and Modern Moral Philosophy. Cambridge University Press, 2001.
Prosecutor v. Kunarac et al., Case No. IT-96-23/1-A, Judgment, para. 27–43 (February 22, 2001)
Report of the International Law Commission Covering Its Second Session, (1950) 5 U. N. G. A. O. R. Supp. No. 12, U. N. Doc. A/1316
Scheffer, David. “The Merits of Unifying Terms: “Atrocity Crimes.”” Genocide Studies and Prevention 2 (2007)
Teson, Fernando. A Philosophy of International Law. Westview Press, 1998.
The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. “Natural Law.” last modified  www.iep.utm.edu/n/naturallaw.html.
U. S. Department of State Diplomacy in Action. Accessed February 04, 2015. http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/125939.pdf.
U. S. Department of the Treasury. “WAR AND NATIONAL DEFENSE.” Last modified July 02, 2012. http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/Documents/nea.pdf.
U. S. Government Publishing Office. “ELECTRONIC CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS.” Accessed January 03, 2015. http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/ECFR?page=browse.
UN Press Release GA/9618, 30 Sep. 1999; General Assembly Resolution 242, 199.
United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner. “Human rights and unilateral coercive measures.” Accessed February 04, 2016. http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Seminars/Pages/WorkshopCoerciveMeasures.aspx.
United Nations. “General Assembly.” Accessed May 02, 2016. http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/41/a41r128.htm.