Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology

Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology

General Criminal Authorities in the Laws of Iran and France

Document Type : Original Article

Author
rajab ali goldoust jouybari
Associate Professor, Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Law, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
10.22034/jclc.2025.516898.2120
Abstract
In every country, the primary objective of the legislator in enacting procedural rules and regulations is, first and foremost, to safeguard the interests of society, establish public order, security, and tranquility, and secondarily, to protect the interests of the parties to criminal proceedings. It is evident that the role of the judicial structure of a country in adjudicating crimes is indispensable to achieving these objectives. There is no doubt that the diversity of crimes and their degrees significantly influences the classification of criminal courts, leaving no alternative but to establish a multiplicity of such courts based on the degree (gravity) of the offense. Furthermore, the scientific competence, experience, and expertise of judges play a crucial role in the hierarchical grading of criminal judicial authorities. In every criminal procedure system, different criminal courts are provided for the adjudication of various offenses. The criterion for dividing these courts is the diversity and importance of crimes and the severity of punishments prescribed in substantive criminal law. In the criminal procedure of Iran and France, due to differences in the legislator’s approach to the classification of offenses and the nature and quantum of punishments prescribed for various crimes, multiple criminal courts have been established to adjudicate offenses. Despite these differences, there are numerous similarities between the two systems in the division and classification of crimes and, consequently, in the classification of criminal courts responsible for their adjudication. The present article examines the points of similarity and difference between the two criminal justice systems with regard to the determination and organization of criminal courts.
 
Keywords
Structure of criminal courts
protection of societal interests
degree of crime
ensuring public security
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Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology
Volume 13, Issue 26
Autumn 2025
Pages 109-146