Enhancing the effectiveness of the criminal justice system in preventing the purchase and sale of narcotic drugs is a central challenge in Iran’s criminal law. The Anti Narcotics Law and the Law on the Prevention of Crime have not succeeded in meaningfully reducing opportunities for drug related offenses or controlling criminogenic environmental factors. This gap demonstrates the necessity of the present study, as improving the performance of judicial and executive bodies and reducing social harms can strengthen criminal justice and increase legal system efficiency. Within this framework, situational crime prevention—emphasizing the difficulty of committing offenses, restricting access, improving high risk environments, and reducing criminal opportunities—gains importance. The main research question concerns the extent to which these laws incorporate situational prevention components regarding the purchase and sale of narcotic drugs. The study aims to propose a framework for assessing the position of this approach within the relevant legislation. Major challenges include the absence of clear institutional division of responsibilities, lack of performance indicators, weak organizational coordination, and insufficient continuous oversight. Conversely, opportunities include the potential for integrated legislative revision based on situational prevention, clearer assignment of executive responsibilities, development of measurable evaluation criteria, and establishment of stable supervisory mechanisms. Using a descriptive analytical method and library research, the findings indicate that situational prevention components are not adequately reflected in the laws, and that targeted use of legal and supervisory capacities can significantly enhance this approach and improve the effectiveness of preventing drug related offenses.